DOG

DOG

Dogs are carnivorous mammals that have been experienced since the domestication of wolves 15,000 years ago [2] or may have since 100,000 years ago based on genetic evidence and fossil discoveries of DNA testing. [3] Another study revealed that dog domestication history not so long. [4] [5] [6]

The dog has developed into hundreds of races with different variations, ranging from the dog's height as several tens of centimeters Irish Wolfhound Chihuahua to a high of more than one meter. Dog coat color can be varied, ranging from white to black, also red, gray (often called "blue"), and chocolate. In addition, dogs have different types of fur, ranging from very short to the length can reach several centimeters. Dog hair can be straight or curly, and coarse-textured till soft as wool.
Origins
! Main article for this section are: The origins of dogs

New evidence revealed the dog was first domesticated in East Asia, probably in China [7]. The first human to set foot in North America and the dogs brought from Asia. Genetic research has identified 14 ancient dog races. Among other things, Chow Chow, shar-pei, Akita, Shiba and the Basenji is the oldest dog race. The theory that dogs come from Asia may be trusted because most of the 14 ancient breed originating from China and Japan. [7]

Relationship with humans


Dog Kintamani

Dogs are social animals just like humans. Proximity patterns of human behavior makes a dog a dog can be trained, to play, to live with humans, and invited bersosialiasi with humans and other dogs. The dog has a unique position in the relationship between species. Loyalty and devotion that dogs indicated very similar to the human concept of love and friendship. Despite the dog's natural instincts as a group of animals, dog owners greatly appreciate the loyalty and devotion of dogs and regard it as their own family members. Dog often to be given the same family name as the name of the owner. In contrast, dogs think humans as members of the group. The dog just bit the distinguished position with fellow dog owners who are still one group, and often do not distinguish at all.
Terminology

The term refers to the dog domestication of dogs, Canis lupus familiaris. Dogs never classified as Canis familiaris by Linnaeus in 1758. But in 1993, the Smithsonian Institution and the Association of American Mammals dog experts set as a subspecies of gray wolf Canis lupus. In Indonesia, the original coyote Sumatra and Java islands called ajag.

Intelligence



Standard Poodle

People like to get a dog because dogs are intelligent animals. Dogs are considered to have a high enough intelligence according to scientific research and field evidence. Dog intelligence level depending on race and each individual dog. Border Collie dog known to obey and carry out various commands. Another dog might not be interested to obey human orders, but rather show sophistication in other matters such as cattle herding.

The origins of the dog as the offspring of wolves that live in groups makes it easier dogs trained than other animals. As a member of the group, dog has the instinct to obey. Most of the dogs are often not need to deal with the complex task-complex, so there is no chance to learn things the hard way to open the door without human assistance. Dogs who are trained as guide dogs for the blind can recognize various kinds of danger and how to avoid these circumstances.

Physical characteristics



Weimaraner dogs, need to keep a sense of prey animals hunted to be taken hunting by humans

Dog races vary greatly in size, appearance and behavior compared with other pets. Most of the dogs still have the physical characteristics derived from wolves. Dogs are predators and prey animals, have sharp teeth and strong jaws for attacking, biting, and tearing food. Specific features of the wolf ancestors of dogs survived, despite the selective breeding has succeeded in changing the physical form different types of dog races.

Dogs have strong muscles, bones united ankle, cardiovascular system that supports physical endurance and speed running, and teeth for catching and tearing prey. When compared with the bone structure of the human foot, dogs technically walk on tiptoes with your toes.
Sight

Dogs used to be thought dikromatis, so can be called color-blind man by the standards. [8] [9] But the study conducted recently showed a dog can actually see some color, though not as you can see people. For dogs, the color is a subliminal signal that was captured to distinguish the shape of the object overlap, and not the color of objects that can be immediately distinguished dog. According to the study, the dog can see the various shades of yellow, purple or violet. Dog eye lens flatter than the human eye lens, so the dog can not see in detail than humans. Instead, the dog's eyes more sensitive to light and motion than the human eye. Some dog race, a field of view up to 270 °. In comparison, humans have only 180 ° field of view. Field of view of a dog race with a big head and two eyes in front of almost the same as actual human beings, only about 180 °. [8] [9]
Sense of hearing

Dogs can hear sounds up to 16 low-frequency 20Hz (humans only hear the frequency 20-70 Hz), and high-frequency sound from 70 kHz to 100 kHz (humans only hear the frequency of 13-20 kHz). [9] In addition, dogs can be moved ear moving so quickly to determine the location of the actual sound source. More than 18 muscles in the dog's ear allows tilt, rotate, tuck, or enforce the earlobe. Dogs are able to determine the source of sound faster than humans, and could hear the sound source, four times more people who can be heard. Dogs with naturally shaped ears (ears up like a wolf) typically have better hearing than the dog's ear leaves are falling like the domestication of many species.
Sense of smell

Dogs have nearly 220 million smell-sensitive cells terhap smell. It was about as wide as a handkerchief, a very large when compared to cells of human olfactory owned. For comparison, humans only have 5 million olfactory cells which occupy wide wide stamps. Several types of dog were bred to be even deliberately puppies born with a sense of smell better. Information gathering mechanism in the brain based on the dog odor particles that successfully diendus clearly unknown. According to research, dogs can distinguish two types of smells: the smell in the air particles are spread from person or object, and the smell of the soil particles that can still be detected after some time. Characteristics of two types of particles seemed quite different smells. Odor particles in the air easily lost, but perhaps not so clear and smells mingled with others, while the smell of the soil particles are relatively more permanent. Dogs must be invited to do so repeatedly, and be careful, because the smell is easily embedded in the soil contaminated with odors other.

Bloodhound trainer has to understand that dogs are taught is no longer possible to track odors in the natural ability possessed since birth. Dogs can only be best motivated and taught to concentrate on the main scent trail. Trained sniffer dogs should be able to ignore the smell of other tracks. Untrained dogs are usually happy to sniff out various types of odor than the odor trail was ordered. While doing the grueling work of a bloodhound (eg search for contraband on a ship), the dog must be motivated to want to work hard in a long time.
Food

Some experts are now debating animal pet dog belonging to omnivorous or carnivorous animal based foods eaten. Classification into the orders carnivore does not mean that dogs should eat meat exclusively. Not just as belonging to the family cat with a true carnivore small intestine is shorter, a dog does not depend on the specific meat protein or high-protein foods to meet the needs of the most basic food. Dogs can digest a good variety of foods, including vegetables and cereals can be consumed by dogs in large portions. Edible plants of wild dogs to meet the needs of amino acids. In addition, wild dogs also eat the contents of the stomach and intestines contain plants that are digestible to herbivores that prey.

Pet dogs can live healthy with vegetarian feed mixed well, especially those containing milk and eggs. But some sources doubt this fact, a vegetarian dog could have an enlarged concern the heart muscle due to lack of ocardimyopathy Dilated amino acid L-carnitine [10]. However, the dog can remain healthy if given a balanced nutrition for L-carnitine are naturally contained various types of nuts, seeds, vegetables, fruits, and cereals without peel. In the wild, dogs can survive on a vegetarian diet when animal prey is not there. But based on scientific research and the experience of race as the Iditarod race dogs require to survive for days in a state of savage nature, the dog must have a high protein diet (40% level) of meat to prevent muscle tissue damage. Similar research is also applicable to other mammals. Protein consumed in a high percentage of wild dogs that prey animals are abundant. Providing food with higher protein than the required percentage level seems to be no additional benefit for the dog.

Dogs often eat grass and avid actually okay. There are many explanations about this habit. The grass can neutralize stomach acid or eat grass can make a dog vomit. The reason dogs eat grass because they may want to remove unwanted substances from the stomach. Whereas in the matter of vomit, dog vomit more easily than humans. This ability comes from eating animals that hunt held in groups. Food should be swallowed as soon as possible so he could eat as much as was spent before the other members of the herd. After dinner, the dog often brings back the bones that can not be digested, the prey animal hair, and so on. Some dogs even fussy and become "picky" in terms of food, because no longer need to eat to simply survive.
Hazardous foods

Some foods commonly enjoyed by humans can be fatal to dogs, including chocolate (Theobromine poisoning), onions (red onions), grapes, raisins, [11], some types of chewing gum, certain artificial sweeteners, [12] and macadamia nuts. Now succeeded in mind that cocoa is a substance harmful to the dog, while white chocolate may not be dangerous.

Grapes and raisins became known only dangerous to dogs since 2000 and not all dog owners know about this. For sure the wine and raisins harmful to dogs is not known until now. But a veterinarian [13] argued the dog's immune system is activated and attacks the body's cells themselves are triggered by a virus that attacks grapevines. [14]. Autoimmune condition called acute on the same dog and with fatal FIP in cats. Whatever the reason, the dog should never be fed grapes, a variety of products such as raisins and sultanas biscuits.

Bones that have been boiled should never be given to dogs, especially chicken bones. Heating changes the chemical nature and physical properties of bone that results in bone can not be chewed by the dog's right. Bone broken into parts sharp and dangerous dogs digestion.

Human medicines should never be given to dogs as a substitute for prescription medication for dogs. Human medicines is very toxic to dogs, especially painkillers containing paracetamol or acetaminophen (drug flu). Alcoholic beverages also have the same level of danger to dogs and humans.

Dogs are often considered some kind of poison interesting to try, so that should be kept away from antifreeze fluids (antifreeze), snail poison, poison insects, and rat poison. Dogs most often deceived antidingin liquid that tastes sweet and delicious for dogs. It could take naps while, the dog sleeping on the former spills or liquids spilled from the car antidingin, affected feathers and lick-lick. Dog owners in the country who do not know winter will not have to worry about liquid antifreeze poisoning dogs.

Ornamental plants that are poisonous if eaten by dogs including ornamental taro (Caladium), Sri fortune, and Philodendron that all can cause irritation of the esophagus. Hops are used as flavorings in beer is very dangerous and can cause high fever (malignant hyperthermia). [15]

Amarilis, Lily, Hedera helix, Iris, and the bulbs can cause deafness stomach irritation that often continues in the central nervous system paralysis to coma and death. Dogs can die if accidentally ingested the plant Digitalis, Convallaria, butter flower, and ornamental plants of the genus Consolida and Delphinium for the cardiovascular system becomes disrupted. Various kinds of ornamental plants from the genus Taxus is no less dangerous because it affects the nervous system of dogs. Dog owners meet pet dog ate one of the plants mentioned above should immediately take the dog to the vet.

Household cleaning fluid is also dangerous for dogs, ammonia, bleach clothing, carbolic acid, soaps, detergents, mothballs and matches. Cosmetics such as deodorants, hair dyes, nail polish and acetone, and sun block should also be kept away from dogs.


Health

Dogs susceptible to various diseases, began a mild-mild to dangerous. Some diseases are also among the diseases in humans, but others are specific disease dogs. Like mammals, dogs are also prone to fatigue due to hot weather, high humidity air, or drastic temperature changes. [16]
Disease

The disease is easily transmitted among dogs to attack the disease of rabies (mad dog), Parvovirus and distemper. Congenital diseases in dogs which are genetically inherited diseases including HD (abnormal joint formation groin), disorders of the knee joint (patellar luxation), to epilepsy and vascular disorders pulmonary valve (pulmonary stenosis). Dogs can suffer from almost any disease that could be suffered by humans, ranging from hypothyroidism, cancer, dental pain, to heart disease.
Parasitic

Animal parasites often attack the body's exterior is a dog different types of fleas, mites and ticks. While animal parasites that live in the dog's stomach is roundworms, whip worms, hook worms, and hookworm.
Physical abnormalities

Some dog susceptible to congenital diseases, such as the formation of joint disorders groin disease (HD), disorders of the knee joint (patellar luxation), abnormal gap palate, blindness, or deafness. Dogs also can be affected by a disease that often affects humans, including diabetes, epilepsy, cancer, and arthritis. Broad-chested dog often have trouble excess gas in the stomach (gastric torsion).
Life expectancy

Dog life expectancy depends on the type of race. Big dog on average only live to 7-8 years, while the Terrier dog small size can live to 20 years. Life expectancy of an average-sized dog and mutt is around 13-14 years. According to trustworthy records, longest dog old age of 29 years died in 1939.

Dogs can live long if properly fed, exercised, and taken to the vet for regular health checks. Dog owners also need to devote attention to all the needs of dogs and love him wholeheartedly.
Behavior

Dogs are social animals, but the personality and the dog's behavior can vary depending on each race. In addition, personality and behavior of dogs depends on the treatment received from dog owners and people who communicate with the dog. Dogs who receive violence from the owner or by deliberately starving dog can be quick-tempered and dangerous. Owners who fail to educate a dog can lead a dog's behavior becomes abnormal. [Citation needed] Often, dogs that lack of attention from the owners and less education to be like biting people or attack other animals.
Ancestors of dogs and the history of domestication

Molecular systematic studies show dog (Canis lupus familiaris) is a descendant of one or more populations of wild wolves (Canis lupus). As can be seen from the procedure name (nomenclature) for the dog, the dog is a wolf ancestors. Dogs also can intercross with the wolves.

The relationship between humans and dogs have a long history. Wolf was found along with fossil fossil Hominidae family that comes from 400,000 years ago. Merging genetics and arkelogis evidence showed the dog was domesticated since the late Upper Paleolithic age, which is the transition between the Pleistocene era and Holosin, between 17,000 served until 14,000 years ago. Nevertheless, the study of fossil bone morphology and genetic analysis of ancient dog, dog days, and wolves can not ensure the origin of domesticated dogs. All dogs probably came from only one group who had domesticated wolves. But there is the possibility of domesticated dogs separately in more than one location. On several occasions, domestication of dogs may also married with the local wild wolves.

The oldest dog fossils are the two bones of the cranium and mandible Russia from the German origin of 13,000 to 17,000 years ago. Most likely the oldest dog fossils ancestors is a big wolf area north Holarktik Canis lupus lupus. Fossil smaller dogs from the caves of origin Natufian cultural heritage Mesolitik era. Fossils dated from 12,000 years ago and is a descendant of the southwest Asian wolves Canis lupus arabs are sized body. From the cave wall paintings and bone remains from 14,000 years ago, dogs have spread from North Africa to Eurasia and North America. Ancient people in Europe already appreciate the dog as a true friend. In Svaerdborg, Danish dogs have adjoining cemetery with graves from the era Mesolitik.

DNA analysis conducted so far has shown results different. Vila, Savolainen, and colleagues (1997) concluded that the dogs are from wolves which branching occurred about 75,000 to 135,000 years ago. Further analysis conducted Savolainen et al. (2002) showed "all dog populations derived from a source of genes (gene pool) single" together with the wolves. Branching occurred in East Asia about 40,000 to 15,000 years ago. Verginelli et al. (2005) instead proposed that the time of the branching of the wolf dog needs to be reviewed. The reason, the geological age of the younger fossils are often overestimated by measurement of the molecular clock is less accurate. As a middle way which fits with the archaeological evidence, the branching of dogs and wolves probably occurred about 15,000 years ago.

Verginelli examining DNA evidence of prehistoric fossil Canidae 5 according to the method of measuring the carbon derived from 15,000 to 3,000 years ago, 341 wolves from several populations around the world, and 547 dogs of pure race. The results show dog ancestors came from different flocks separate, and / or interbreed (interbreed) with ancient dogs and wolves in various places around the globe. History dogs more detailed investigation was not finished, and until the availability of evidence that can be trusted, the history of the wolf ancestors of these are only approximate.
Wolf ancestors

Although all wolves belong to the species Canis lupus, in the whole world there is (or ever) many different subspecies of wolf appearance, physical characteristics, and social structure. Japanese wolf is now extinct and Canis Lupus Lycaon North American origin are colored feathers, hunting techniques, and different social structures.

Compared to other subspecies of wolf, wolf lot to India is estimated to produce various types of dogs. Ancestors as well as various types of wild dogs can now be found in various parts of the world such as the dingo and Pariah dogs. Indian wolf may also be married with the descendants of European wolf and produce mastiff dog. Next of developing different types of mastiff dog like a Pug, Saint Bernard, and Bloodhound. Tibetan mastiff is also a descendant of the most ancient mastiff.

European wolf role in producing Spitz dog, most terriers, and various types of shepherd dogs present. China wolves probably were the ancestors of the dog toy Spaniel and Pekingese. But it might be descended from wolves and jackals China interbreed Europe centuries ago and produces various types of miniature dogs from Asia.

Wolves Canis Lupus Lycaon species is a direct ancestor of most (or all) dog sled puller (sled dogs) who live in North America. Interbreeding between dogs that live in the Arctic region with wolves still ongoing. Offspring well-liked man, because they have similar physical characteristics that wolves can survive in the fierce polar nature. Dog-wolf hybrid is also often unintentionally, by accident dogs and wolves live in the same environment.

Phenotypic characteristics that distinguish a wolf with a dog almost nothing. Wolves usually have a "tail feathers which expands" and leaves erect ears. Most dogs only have one of these two characteristics of wolves, although there are also dogs that have both races.
The process of domestication

Research conducted recently shows domesticated animals or domesticated traits in animals can take place in a shorter time [17] from the time that had ever expected. Domestication of wild dogs can take place in one or two human generations of selective breeding when it's done intentional. Dog domestication motives initially driven by mutual benefit of both parties. Wild dogs are picked up scraps around human settlements get more food than peers one flock of wild and afraid of humans. Wild dog attack happened early humans or the possibility her children were expelled or killed, while the wild dog that is friendly to humans safely. Early humans use dogs to drive the wild animals of human intruders. Keen senses make dog served as a guard dog of the arrival of human predators who always aimed for.
Dog meat

Besides the pet, the dog was bred and slaughtered as a protein source in several places in the world. In countries that love dogs as pets, eating dog meat is a taboo act and against the habit.

In several provinces in Indonesia, eat dog meat as a source of good protein openly or secretly. In Manado food, dog meat is known as "RW" (an abbreviation of "rintek wuuk" that the language means Tombulu fluff). [18] Batak cuisine is also familiar with dog meat, dog meat despite the coded "B1" is not the best food popular in the culinary Tapanuli. [19] In Solo, herbs or Sengsu Sate is the name for the sate and tongseng dog meat. [20]
Famous dogs

Friendship humans and dogs that have long made a lot of dogs known for his loyalty to the man or the chance of famous people who maintained a lot of people hated. In the popular culture, many of the dog became famous for his role in the novel, television series, movies, and video games.

Dogs race

Maltese dog playing with a pile of autumn leaves

Throughout the world there are more than 800 types of dog races (dog Purebred) recognized by the Kennel Club in various countries. The term "pure Purebred dogs" really only applies to certain generations of dogs, because all dogs come from dog races mix.

A small portion of the main dog is the result of evolution more than 10,000 years ago and as old as the history of dog domestication. But most of the dog actually is a product of deliberate artificial selection. Various dog produced artificial selection actually has its own characteristics are typical only for the race. As a result, two dogs of different races may look very different, although both are the same animal. Although both dogs and look very different appearance, the dog could recognize fellow dogs among other animals.

Definition of dog races (Purebred dogs) very inviting controversy. Depending on the total population of the founder, breeding by using a closed gene pool that resulted in marriage sekerabat or founder effect. Dog breeders (kennels) are increasingly aware of the importance of population and maintain the diversity of genes in the gene pool. The medical examination and DNA testing by dog breeders can avoid terlahirnya puppies with health problems and serious behavior.

Some dog organizations have set the standard for a race (Purebred) are more lenient. A dog can be included as members of the race if you have 75% of the characteristics that must exist in these races. The same considerations about the standards applied are also dog in dog shows. Pure race dog who won dog shows are also sometimes not spared from the effects of genetic disorders and marriage founders antarkerabat [21] However, this problem is not confined to just a pure race dog and could also apply to the population mix dog. [22] Advantages of race is a dog's behavior and physical form that can be expected with more accurate. Labrador Retriever dogs generally like to play water, while the Beagle certainly very interested in a variety of odors. In contrast, the physical form and mix dog behavior unpredictable and sometimes very unique.

In February 2004, the Canine Studies Institute in Aurora, Ohio classify dogs into 10 categories.

Mix dog or mongrel dog is a dog that did not belong to a particular race, and is a mixture of 2 or more races in various percentages. Dog mix (mutt), or a dog without racial origin was not purely better or worse than a dog race to be used as companions, pets, working dogs, or compete in dog sports. Mix dog sometimes even intentionally, such as the Cockapoo dog is a Cocker Spaniel mixed with a miniature Poodle. Deliberate crosses like this puppy is expected to produce more superior as a result of heterosis. Also, puppies can have other characteristics desired, but the loss of one or more characteristics orantuanya owned, such as temperament or coat color. However, the crossing without genetic testing can sometimes reduce the genetic damage that have both parents. Deliberate cross-breeding between two or more races dogs can also produce a new dog.
[edit] Neoteni in the evolution of the dog races

Rapid evolution of wolves to dogs is an example neoteni or pedomorfosis. Like other species, the cub is more social and less dominant than adult wolves. Whether deliberately mapun not, the nature of the cub who loved people more likely to result in childishness that carried over to the adult wolves. Pedomorfosis natural selection also resulted in the persistence of the physical characteristics of young wolves. Compared with the wolves, most adult dog retains the physical characteristics of children, such as hair soft, plump body, head and big eyes, ears and not fall straight, and various other characteristics possessed young mammals. Everything to get such protection and care of adult mammals, including humans for reasons "funny" or "adorable."

Still there are many more examples neoteni on dogs, each race neoteni treated different depending on the nature of unwanted dogs. [23]

* Shepherd guard dog livestock show properties hounds, but it is controlled. Members of these groups such as Border Collies, Belgian Shepherd Malinois and Germany using the tactics of game hunters to frighten herd of cattle that can be controlled. Natural instinct to kill the hunted animal is pressed through the exercise. Another dog belonging to this group, like Welsh Corgi, Canaan, and the Australian Cattle act more aggressively when herding cattle. As well as take advantage of a smaller body to evade the animal against.
* The dog hunter (gun dog or bird dog) is a human friend while hunting. Pointing dog breed (bookmark the location game), setter (search game), spaniel and retriever (collectors hunting) experienced mid-level pedomorfosis. Go hunting with "flock," but only serve as "hunters" junior who did not take part in the actual attack. This type dog discovered a potential target animal and make it unable to escape, but refrained from attacking game. The opportunity to attack it is given to a more adult predators. The result is a dog behavior "pointer" location game. Same with the dog's behavior "collector" who do not kill themselves prey animals. They only pick game in charge of the dead or wounded and brought to fellow "flock." Physical characteristics hound dog closer to adults than with the sheep dog, but usually do not have the upright ears.
* Dog trackers (Scenthound) still has the body size is a pattern of behavior and prey trail followed by the smell. Dogs that fall into this group still refrained from attacking prey alone, and need to call the leadership of the herd (in this case, humans) to finish the job. Beagle, Bloodhound, Basset Hound, Coonhound, Dachshund, Fox Hound, Otter Hound, and Harrier falls into this group.
* Sighthound a dog who chased and attacked any prey in sight. Dogs that fall into this group retains the physical form of adult dogs, with distinctive physical characteristics such as narrow chest and a slender body. But this breed is no longer a straight helix and two layers of fur-like coat like those of wolves. Afghan, Borzoi, Saluki, Sloughi, Pharaoh Hound, Azawakh, Whippet, and Greyhound falls into this group.
* Type of a large mastiff, and high, have a large chest like a drum, a large bone and a thick skull. These groups have traditionally dogs were bred for war and guard dogs.
* Type of Bulldog's body size, were bred to fight against other pets or wild animals. This breed has a square skull, large bones, broad shoulders, and muscular strength.
* Types of Terrier has an aggressive nature and less subject to the members of the senior herd. This group has the physical traits such as adult dogs erect ears, although the most preferred type of small body size and have short legs, so that this type of dog can catch prey in the burrow.

Dogs at least demonstrate a pattern of behavior is pedomorfosis Basenji dog. Bred in Africa to hunt side by side with humans, dog Basenji very independent, do not need much attention and did not expect too regulated human. Often called a personality like a cat, despite having a physical characteristic such as predatory adult dogs.

In addition to behavioral patterns according to the above groups, dogs in general is certainly able to change the behavior according to experience, including the study of behavior "pack leader" (human). The capacity of dogs to learn to allow dogs trained in such a way that does not resemble the nature of the breed owned. However, practice often can not change your dog's natural behavior patterns of a particular race. Whippet for example, may not be taught herding flocks of sheep.



Dogs aboriginal Indonesia

Of all types of dogs that race in the world has not a single dog is native to Indonesia. Kintamani dog is a dog's first race of the original Indonesian Society recognized Kinologi Indonesia (PERKIN), but not yet recognized Cynologique Fédération Internationale (FCI) as a world-class dog.

Referensi

1. ^ Macdonald, David; Claudio Sillero-Zubiri (2004). The Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 45–46. ISBN 0198515561.
2. ^ Origin of dogs traced. BBC News. Diakses pada 29 November 2009
3. ^ Vilà, C. et al. (1997).
4. ^ [Robert K.], Carles Vila` , Peter Savolainen, Jesu´ s E. Maldonado, Isabel R. Amorim, John E. Rice, Rodney L. Honeycutt, Keith A. Crandall, Joakim Lundeberg (30 Januari 1997; diterima 14 April 1997). "Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog" (pdf). Science 276: 1687-1689.
5. ^ Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog. myVine. Diakses pada 29 November 2009
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7. ^ ^{a b} Savolainen, Peter, Ya-ping Zhang, Jing Luo, Joakim Lundeberg, and Thomas Leitner (2002-11-22). "Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs". Science 298 (5598): 1610 - 1613. DOI:10.1126/science.1073906.
8. ^ ^{a b} A&E Television Networks (1998). Big Dogs, Little Dogs: The companion volume to the A&E special presentation, A Lookout Book, GT Publishing. ISBN 1-57719-353-9 (hardcover).
9. ^ ^{a b c} Alderton, David (1984). The Dog, Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-89009-786-0.
10. ^ Small animal internal medicine, RW Nelson, Couto page 107
11. ^ ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center Issues Nationwide Update: Raisins and Grapes Can Be Toxic To Dogs. ASPCA Press Releases. American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Diakses pada 2 September 2006
12. ^ Dog owners warned over sugar-free items. Reuters.
13. ^ Symes, John B. Who is DogtorJ? (Contact). Diakses pada 2 September 2006
14. ^ Renee750il. Finally, some reliable info on grapes & raisins. Chazhound Dog Forum. Diakses pada 2 September 2006
15. ^ Gedon, Trisha Summer heat can be tough on pets. Division of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources. Oklahoma State University. Diakses pada 21 Agustus 2009
16. ^ http://www.amsci.org/amsci/articles/99articles/Trut.html#26879
17. ^ Pesona Hidangan Manado di Hotel Redtop. Sinar Harapan. Diakses pada 29 November 2009
18. ^ Winarno, Bondan Naniura. Kompas. Diakses pada 29 November 2009
19. ^ Tim LP POM MUI. “Sate Jamu”, Haram!. HalalGuide LPPOM-MUI. Diakses pada 29 November 2009
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22. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=_kOoVw0SIhUC&pg=PA394&lpg=PA394&vq=neotenous+behavior&dq=%22Gould%22+%22Eight+Little+Piggies:+Reflections+in+Natural+History%22+&sig=Q1iF36A6ieMKgh3eRAtSeDKTydQ Stephen Jay Gould; Eight Little Piggies: Reflections in Natural History; W. W. Norton & Company, 1993; pp. 394

REFERENSI

• Abrantes, Roger (1999). Dogs Home Alone. Wakan Tanka, 46 pages. ISBN 0-9660484-2-3 (paperback).
• A&E Television Networks (1998). Big Dogs, Little Dogs: The companion volume to the A&E special presentation, A Lookout Book, GT Publishing. ISBN 1-57719-353-9 (hardcover).
• Alderton, David (1984). The Dog, Chartwell Books. ISBN 0-89009-786-0.
• Brewer, Douglas J. (2002) Dogs in Antiquity: Anubis to Cerberus: The Origins of the Domestic Dog, Aris & Phillips ISBN 0-85668-704-9
• Coppinger, Raymond and Lorna Coppinger (2002). Dogs: A New Understanding of Canine Origin, Behavior and Evolution, University of Chicago Press ISBN 0-226-11563-1
• Cunliffe, Juliette (2004). The Encyclopedia of Dog Breeds. Parragon Publishing. ISBN 0-7525-8276-3.
• Derr, Mark (2004). Dog's Best Friend: Annals of the Dog-Human Relationship. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-14280-9
• Donaldson, Jean (1997). The Culture Clash. James & Kenneth Publishers. ISBN 1-888047-05-4 (paperback).
• Fogle, Bruce, DVM (2000). The New Encyclopedia of the Dog. Doring Kindersley (DK). ISBN 0-7894-6130-7.
• Grenier, Roger (2000). The Difficulty of Being a Dog. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-30828-6
• Milani, Myrna M. (1986). The Body Language and Emotion of Dogs: A practical guide to the Physical and Behavioral Displays Owners and Dogs Exchange and How to Use Them to Create a Lasting Bond, William Morrow, 283 pages. ISBN 0-688-12841-6 (trade paperback).
• Pfaffenberger, Clare (1971). New Knowledge of Dog Behavior. Wiley, ISBN 0-87605-704-0 (hardcover); Dogwise Publications, 2001, 208 pages, ISBN 1-929242-04-2 (paperback).
• Savolainen, P. et al. (2002). Genetic Evidence for an East Asian Origin of Domestic Dogs. Science 298. 5598: 1610–1613.
• Shook, Larry (1995). "Breeders Can Hazardous to Health", The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog, Chapter Two, pp. 13–34. Ballantine, 130 pages, ISBN 0-345-38439-3 (mass market paperback); Globe Pequot, 1992, ISBN 1-55821-140-3 (hardcover; this is much cheaper should you buy).
• Shook, Larry (1995). The Puppy Report: How to Select a Healthy, Happy Dog, Chapter Four, "Hereditary Problems in Purebred Dogs", pp. 57–72. Ballantine, 130 pages, ISBN 0-345-38439-3 (mass market paperback); Globe Pequot, 1992, ISBN 1-55821-140-3 (hardcover; this is much cheaper should you buy).
• Thomas, Elizabeth Marshall (1993). The Hidden Life of Dogs (hardcover), A Peter Davison Book, Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-66958-8.
• Verginelli, F. et al. (2005). Mitochondrial DNA from Prehistoric Canids Highlights Relationships Between Dogs and South-East European Wolves. Mol. Biol. Evol. 22: 2541–2551.
• Vilà, C. et al. (1997). Multiple and ancient origins of the domestic dog. Science 276:1687–1689. (Also "Multiple and Ancient Origins of the Domestic Dog")
• Small animal internal medicine, RW Nelson, Couto p. 107